This is well-trod territory for this blog, but I want to give a little reminder of some of the subtleties involving infinity in logic. In particular, there’s a fun asymmetry between the finite and the infinite in terms of the expressive power of first order logic.
Consider the set of all first order sentences that are true in every infinite model. This includes any tautology (like P ∨ ¬ P), as well as some other sentences like ∃x ∃y (x ≠ y) (which says that there are at least two distinct things). Are there any finite models that satisfy this entire set of sentences?
Answer is no: for any finite n you can form a sentence that says “there are at least n things”. E.g. for n = 4 we say ∃x ∃y ∃z ∃w (x≠y ∧ x≠z ∧ x≠w ∧ y≠z ∧ y≠w ∧ z≠w). This basically says “there exists an x, y, z, and w that are all distinct”, i.e. there are at least four things. This can be easily generalized to any finite n. Sentences of this form all appear in our set, because they’re true in every infinite model. But of course, no finite model satisfies all of them. Any finite model contains only so many elements, say N, and the sentence which says “there are at least N+1 things” will be false in this model.
What about the reverse question? If you consider the set of all first order sentences that are true in every fiinite model, are there any infinite models that satisfy this set?
The answer is yes! If there weren’t, then you’d have a collection of sentences that suffice to rule out all infinite models while leaving all finite models. And ruling out all and only the infinite models of a theory turns out to be like a superpower that’s inconsistent with any logic that’s sound and complete like first-order logic. The reasoning, in ultra-condensed form: finitary proofs + soundness + completeness imply compactness, and compactness gives you a quick proof that any theory with arbitrarily large finite models has infinite models (add an infinity of constant symbols to your theory and declare all of them unequal. Since every finite subset of these declarations is satisfied by some model, compactness says that the whole lot is satisfied by some model, which is an infinite model of the starting theory).
This is an interesting asymmetry between the finite and the infinite. If you assert every sentence that’s true in all infinite models, you’ve automatically excluded all finite models. But if you assert every sentence that’s true in all finite models, you haven’t excluded all infinite models. A listener that patiently waited for you to finish saying all those infinitely many sentences might still take you to be talking about some infinite model. (And in fact, by the Lowenheim-Skolem theorem, they could understand you to be talking about a model of any infinite cardinality, which is pretty dramatic.)
TL;DR: There are no finite models that satisfy the set of all first-order sentences that are true in every infinite model. On the other hand, there are infinite models that satisfy the set of all first-order sentences that are true in every finite model.